“A Far Cry from Africa” by Derek Walcott Essay

A Far Cry from Africa: Derek Walcott – Summary and Critical Analysis A Far Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott deals with the theme of split identity and anxiety caused by it in the face of the struggle in which the poet could side with neither party. It is, in short, about the poet’s ambivalent feelings towards the Kenyan terrorists and the counter-terrorist white colonial government, both of which were ‘inhuman’, during the independence struggle of the country in the 1950s. The persona, probably the poet himself, can take favor of none of them since both bloods circulate along his veins. Derek Walcott He has been given an English tongue which he loves on the one hand, and on the other, he cannot tolerate the brutal slaughter of Africans with whom he shares blood and some traditions. His conscience forbids him to favour injustice. He is in the state of indecisiveness, troubled, wishing to see peace and harmony in the region. Beginning with a dramatic setting, the poem â€Å"A Far Cry from Africa† opens a horrible scene of bloodshed in African territory. ‘Bloodstreams’, ‘scattered corpses,’ ‘worm’ show ghastly sight of battle. Native blacks are being exterminated like Jews in holocaust following the killing of a white child in its bed by blacks. The title of the poem involves an idiom: â€Å"a far cry† means an impossible thing. But the poet seems to use the words in other senses also; the title suggests in one sense that the poet is writing about an African subject from a distance. Writing from the island of St. Lucia, he feels t hat he is at a vast distance- both literally and metaphorically from Africa. â€Å"A Far Cry† may also have another meaning that the real state of the African ‘paradise’ is a far cry from the Africa that we have read about in descriptions of gorgeous fauna and flora and interesting village customs. And a third level of meaning to the title is the idea of Walcott hearing the poem as a far cry coming all the way across thousands of miles of ocean. He hears the cry coming to him on the wind. The animal imagery is another important feature of the poem. Walcott regards as acceptable violence the nature or â€Å"natural law† of animals killing each other to eat and survive; but human beings have been turned even the unseemly animal behavior into worse and meaningless violence. Beasts come out better than â€Å"upright man† since animals do what  they must do, any do not seek divinity through inflicting pain. Walcott believes that human, unlike animals, have no excuse, no real rationale, for murdering non-combatants in the Kenyan conflict. Violence among them has turned into a nightmare of unacceptable atrocity based on color. So, we have the â€Å"Kikuyu† and violence in Kenya, violence in a â€Å"paradise†, and we have â€Å"statistics† that don’t mean anything and â€Å"scholar†, who tends to throw their weight behind the colonial policy: Walcott’s outrage is very just by the standards of the late 1960s, even restrained. More striking than the animal imagery is the image of the poet himself at the end of the poem. He is divided, and doesn’t have any escape. â€Å"I who am poisoned with the blood of both, where shall I turn, divided to the vein?† This sad ending illustrates a consequence of displacement and isolation. Walcott feels foreign in both cultures due to his mixed blood. An individual sense of identity arises from cultural influences, which define one’s character according to a particular society’s standards; the poet’s hybrid heritage prevents him from identifying directly with one culture. Thus creates a feeling of isolation. Walcott depicts Africa and Britain in the standard roles of the vanquished and the conqueror, although he portrays the cruel imperialistic exploits of the British without creating sympathy for the African tribesmen. This objectively allows Walcott to contemplate the faults of each culture without reverting to the bias created by attention to moral considerations. However, Walcott contradicts the savior image of the British through an unfavorable description in the ensuring line s. â€Å"Only the worm, colonel of carrion cries/ ‘waste no compassion on their separated dead’.† The word ‘colonel’ is a punning on ‘colonial’ also. The Africans associated with a primitive natural strength and the British portrayed as an artificially enhanced power remain equal in the contest for control over Africa and its people. Walcott’s divided loyalties engender a sense of guilt as he wants to adopt the â€Å"civilized† culture of the British but cannot excuse their immoral treatment of the Africans. The poem reveals the extent of Walcott’s consternation through the poet’s inability to resolve the paradox of his hybrid inheritance The introduction to Yasmine Gooneratne’s first collection of short stories begins with a 9th century poem translated from Gaelic and is littered with references to the author’s colonial education, post-colonial experience of exile and emigration (Sri Lanka to  Australia) and a revelation of a fervent dedication to the British literary canon (viva Ben Jonson, Alexander Pope, Jane Austen). If you are left, at this point, with a feeling that you are about to be force-fed traditional â€Å"between the lines†, â€Å"subaltern† South Asian diaspora narrative that will turn your brain into PoCo foie gras, don’t worry-you are not alone. You will first be greeted by a blizzard of kurakkhan, karipincha leaves and other italicised delicacies, but if you hold on for just a bit longer, you will find â€Å"How Barry Changed His Image† and will forgive all the 46 pages that preceded it. In this story, Bharat and Navaranjini Wickramsingha swap Sri Lanka for Australia and insist on setting themselves apart from Australia’s large Vietnamese population whom they refer to as â€Å"those Ching-Chongs slit-eyed slopeheads†. As Wickramsingha glows toxic in his emerging racial self-hatred, his wife listens to talk-back radio, happily absorbing some top Australian argot, and before long Bharat and Wickramsingha have effaced their opulent Otherness to become Barry and Jean Wicks – true blue fair dinkum Aussies. Good Onya Barry. Top 10 bestsellersClick here to EnlargeWritten between 1970 and 2001, many of the 17 stories are sopping with a deliciously tart zest, especially the ones set in Australia that are free of all the annoying echoes – explanations that often accompany stories of a linguistically hybrid reality for a â€Å"western† audience. Thematically disparate, the best stories are the ones like â€Å"A Post Colonial Love Story† , â€Å"His Neighbor’s Wife† and a few others that are both dark and funny and also lucid in their disclosure of the (mis)conceptions of identity and race and provide interesting cross-cultural commentary. The few stories that are set in Sri Lanka do not satisfyingly evoke the country, its people or its troubles and most distressing of all – almost all the stories are burdened with prescriptive â€Å"twists in the tale†, which can leave you feeling that you’re eight, in moral science class and have just been slapped on the wrist with Ms Austen’s Sri Lankan silkwood ruler. To provide interpretations of imperialism and the struggle for â€Å"decolonisation† from it requires a constant and self-conscious shedding of  the old, especially when it is clear that relics of the Raj reside so deep in our rhetoric that sometimes it is impossible to be certain they’re even there. There are always new stories of new ways in which post-colonial repression, impotence, diaspora and displacement raise their head, but if you’re coming to this collection looking for that kind of revelation, you might have to take it under the knife. Chances are you’ll find nothing that hasn’t been previously diagnosed; it’s all quite benign, and in the end, but for Barry and the Aussie angle, I fear The Masterpiece as a peep show of post-post-colonial psyche mostly beats around the bush. Chinua Achebe argues that writers, just as historians explore history or politicians deal with politics, have to fulfill their assigned duty: To educate and regenerate their people about their country’s view of themselves, their history, and the world. He openly and impregnably expresses his firm conviction about how Europe influenced Africa’s self-image, and his arguments are designed to announce this opinion. Assertively, he makes it clear that Africans would suffer from the belief that racial inferiority is acceptable. He wants to change this view and calls African writers to be responsible for – and dedicate themselves to – their society. Throughout the essay, he uses several tangible occasions as supportive examples for his claim. Achebe begins by clarifying that â€Å"the kind [of writing he does] is relatively new (40)† in Africa. By explaining that the Africans have been educated by the Europeans in terms of the common relationship between w riter and society, he shows that the European’s view has been injected into the African mind: According to the Europeans, an artist – in particular a writer – would be in â€Å"revolt against society (41).† Achebe, however, hints that his people should not â€Å"reproduce (40)† the Europeans . He is eager to explore what society expects of his writers instead of what writers expect of society. By doing so, he wants to concentrate on the situation at his homeland, stating that he â€Å"know[s] that  [he does not] have to [write for a foreign audience] (41).† This sentence is one of the examples for when his language reveals that he is very autonomous, even a little bit arrogant, and willing to express his opinion overtly. In the next segment, Achebe indicates that most of his readers are young, which implies that they still have a lot of capacity to get educated. Thus, hope on a better self-image of Africa arises. Achebe claims that many of his readers regard him as a teacher, a statement which is almost pretentious. In this part, he also includes a letter from a Northern Nigerian fan in order to show what a reader like him expects from the author, Achebe. Suggesting that â€Å"it is quite clear what this particular reader expects of [him] (42)† is a false dilemma because it seems like there is only one option of looking at the situation, which manipulatively guides the reader to view things like Achebe. Through an encounter with a young woman teacher who complained about the progress of the course of events in Achebe’s No Longer at Ease, the author realized that he needs to make his novels afford an â€Å"opportunity for education (42).† He does not think the woman’s opinion is right. In this part it becomes clear again that Achebe is very self-assured, as he points out that â€Å"no self-respecting writer will take dictation from his audience [and] must remain free to disagree.† However, he cleverly depicts himself as merciful because he comprehends that his European-influenced society needs to be efficiently educated. His concern comes into sharper relief in the next segment. Achebe sardonically illustrates one of the differences between Europeans and Africans by the example of â€Å"turning hygiene into a god (43),† a peculiar blasphemy in Achebe’s eyes. He admits, though, that Africans have their own respective sins, the most significant being their â€Å"acceptance of racial inferiority (43).† He confesses that not only others need to be blamed; African people, too, would have to â€Å"find out where [they] went wrong (43).† It follows a short anecdote of 1940’s C hristians who where shocked to see Nigerian dances on an anniversary, which exemplifies â€Å"the result of the disaster brought upon the African psyche in the period of subjection to alien race (43).† Achebe uses appeal to pity here and in other parts, as he only presents the picture of the pathetic African. In this way, he disregards the fact that the West does indeed know many educated, highly respected men, tales, and traditions from Africa. His next  example further describes the â€Å"traumatic effects of [Africa’s] first confrontation with Europe (44).† Achebe tells about a student who wrote ‘winter’ instead of the African trade wind ‘harmattan’ which occurs during wintertime – just because he was afraid to be called a bushman by his peers. Achebe does not want his people to be ashamed of their origin, he wants Africa to â€Å"regain belief in itself and put away the complexes of [†¦] denigration and self-abasement (44).† It seems like Achebe tries to rectify the sentiment that has been inflicted to his African people through post-colonialism. Achebe maintains that education needs to be advanced in order to â€Å" get on [their] own feet again (45).† Achebe’s theme becomes most clear in the next part when he requests his society to confront racism and rediscover themselves as people. In order to achieve these goals, he obliges writers to educate society with their works. He glorifies the writer as â€Å"the sensitive point of [†¦] community,† and brings up the argument that each job carries certain duties that need to be fulfilled as society expects them to be. Achebe himself almost seems to crave for these expectations, as he â€Å"would not wish to be excused (45).† The essay concludes with Achebe quoting a Hausa folk tale in order to show that art and education do not need to be mutually exclusive. He leads the reader onto a â€Å"slippery slope† here, as he claims that if one considers the tale’s ending â€Å"a naà ¯ve anticlimax (46)† then one would not know much about Africa. This expressive conclusion can make the reader feel like he would be uneducated and prejudiced. Achebe’s urge to make African society stand up for autonomy and to make them find self-confidence is approached in a very subjective manner. It is questionable whether he is too subjective at some points. Reading his essay raises the question: When is subjectivity proper? It depends whether Achebe’s claims and false dilemmas base on historical facts, common opinions, or his personal observations, which can not absolutely be detected through this essay. However, regardless of where his claims have their origin, he overgeneralizes too forceful; for example by demanding that each and every writer should take upon the task of education society. Achebe could as well just speak up for himself and announce that he proudly embraces the task that he himself has given to him. He could be satisfied with that and leave the rest alone, but his emotion come into play. Due to his troubled attitude towards African’s  self-perception and its history with Europe, Achebe’s views are inevitably colored with a sometimes direct, sometimes indirect call for change. He strives to present the world a different image than the self-conscious one he assumes exists persistently. By the time he wrote the essay, this assumption might have been true, but reading the essay today, it leaves an impression of an author who desperately tries to force the righteous image of Africa onto the public.

Aurora Research Essay

Our country’s natural resources are the cornerstones of our progress. It is only fitting that we do all that we can to protect and conserve them. The Philippines is a global priority for the conservation of marine biodiversity. The country is also highly dependent on marine resources, with more than one million people directly dependent upon the fisheries sector. BALER, Aurora , Philippines – A marine research center that would conduct continuing research and experimentation on the culture and propagation of native marine species and develop high-value products from endemic marine and aquatic species in the province has been set up in this capital town. Sen. Edgardo Angara said that Aurora Marine Research Center has been established in coordination with; the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, National Museum, Aurora State College of Technology and the Inter-Agency Committee on Marine Research Center. Its 330-kilometer coastline, steady rainfall, rich collection of flora and fauna and Hawaii-like weather, the province has natural growth potentials for fisheries development with the AMRC, a perfect complement to the province rich marine resources. R.A. 9441 authored in the Senate by Angara and in the House of Representatives by House Deputy Majority Leader Juan Edgardo Angara. He said the AMRC would seek t improve existing technology for maximizing income potentials of the coastal community and the fishing industry and encourage the culture of marine species native to the province. He said that major fish species abound in the province from Dilasag to Dingalan such as blue marlin, lobster, octopus, tuna and even reef fishes. In addition, the province has five marine protected areas in Dibut MPA, Dibutunan MPA, Diguisit-Puntin Marine Protected Area and the Ditangol and Mapalad-Dibaray bay Fish Sanctuaries. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: * Weak Institutional and Legal Capacities for Biodiversity in the Philippines * Many species endemic to the country are threatened or endangered. * Exploitation too much of flora, fauna and marine life. * Occurring different effect of climate change to marine biodiversity. * Amid warnings of a new wave of red tide hitting several coastal areas in the Philippines OBJECTIVES: * Provide crucial insight on how to preserve and protect our marine ecosystems. * Create a database containing valuable data on the biodiversity, habitat, abundance, and overall status of the province’s marine resources. * The marine research, with the technical assistance of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture and such other agencies involved in marine research, shall conduct continuing research and experimentation on the culture and propagation of native marine species especially as they apply to the peculiarities and characteristics of local conditions, for the purpose of improving existing technology and for maximizing income potentials of the fishing industry. * Take such steps as may be necessary to encourage the culture of marine species native t o the province and thereby promote and attract investments in this field of economic endeavor by providing through the facilities of the breeding component of the center, the application of the technologies developed by the research component of the center and ensure the ready and steady suppIy of spawners, fries and fingerlings t o those engaged in this industry.

Indian English Literature Essay

History of English language and literature in India starts with the advent of East India Company in India. It all started in the summers of 1608 when Emperor Jahangir, in the courts of Moguls, welcomed Captain William Hawkins, Commander of British Naval Expedition Hector. It was India’s first tryst with an Englishman and English. Jahangir later allowed Britain to open a permanent port and factory on the special request of King James IV that was conveyed by his ambassador Sir Thomas Roe. English were here to stay. As East India Company spread its wing in southern peninsula, English language started to get newer pockets of influence. But it was still time for the first English book to capitalize. Late 17th century saw the coming of printing press in India but the publication were largely confined to either printing Bible or government decrees. Then came newspapers. It was in 1779 that the first English Newspaper named Hickey’s Bengal Gazette was published in India. The breakthrough in Indian English literature came in 1793 A.D. when a person by the name of Sake Dean Mahomet published a book in London titled Travels of Dean Mahomet. This was essentially Mahomet’s travel narrative that can be put somewhere between a Non-Fiction and a Travelogue. In its early stages, the Indian writings in English were heavily influenced by the Western art form of the novel. It was typical for the early Indian English language writers to use English unadulterated by Indian words to convey experiences that were primarily Indian. The core reason behind this step was the fact that most of the readers were either British or British educated Indians. In the coming century, the writings were largely confined to writing history chronicles and government gazettes. In the early 20th century, when the British conquest of India was achieved, a new breed of writers started to emerge on the block. These writers were essentially British who were born or brought up or both in India. Their writing consisted of Indian themes and sentiments but the way of storytelling was primarily western. They had no reservation in using native words, though, to signify the context. This group consisted likes of Rudyard Kipling, Jim Corbett and George Orwell among others. Books such as Kim, The Jungle Book, 1984, Animal Farm and The man-eaters of Kumaon etc were liked and read all over the English-speaking world. In fact, some of the writings of that era are still considered to be the masterpieces of English Literature. In those periods, natives were represented by the likes of Rabindra Nath Tagore and Sarojini Naidu. In fact, Geetanjali helped Tagore win Nobel Prize for Literature in the year 1913. There was a lull for more than 3 decades when India was passing through the era of aspiration and reconstruction. Some sporadic works such as ‘A Passage to India’ by E M Foster, ‘The Wonder that was India’ by E L. Basham and ‘ Autobiography of an unknown Indian’ by Nirad C Chaudhuri though set the stage on fire but were unsuccessful in catalyzing and explosion. It was in late seventies that a new breed of Convent, boarding school educated and elite class of novelists and writers started to come on block. The likes of Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Amitabh Ghosh and Dominique Lepierre set the literature world on fire. Rushdie’ s ‘ Midnight Children’ won Booker in 1981 and send the message loud and clear that Indians are here to stay. Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai repeated the feat when they won Man Booker in the year 1997 and 2006 respectively. In the mean time, a new crop of authors such as Pankaj Misra, Chetan Bhagat, Jhumpa Lahiri, William Dalrymple, Hari Kunzuru have arrived on the international scene and their writings are being appreciated round the globe. India became independent from Britain in 1947, and the English language was supposed to be phased out by 1965. However, today English and Hindi are the official languages. Indian English is characterized by treating mass nouns as count nouns, frequent use of the â€Å"isn’t it?† tag, use of more compounds, and a different use of prepositions. With its distinct flavor, Indian English writings are there to stay. With he surge of English speaking population, the future looks anything but bleak.

Should music file servers on the Internet should be shut down?

This assignment is all about persuasive writing, putting a controversial subject in matter and weighing up all the different viewpoints so I can make a final conclusion on the matter. I am going to write about the controversial matter of Napster and any other file sharing programs used over the Internet to swap music between computers. People send songs over the Internet to other people who can hear them for free once downloaded whenever they like with the recording artist and every other benefactor of record sales losing out. Should music file servers on the Internet should be shut down? Introduction Within the last decade computers have become very important to our lives and home computers, PC's, have become commonplace in most households. The internet has also been going from strength to strength, millions upon millions of people all round the world log on everyday to search for information, send e-mails, talk to people in different countries and a whole lot more. But within the last 3 or 4 years, file servers such as Napster, WinMX and Morpheus to name a few have sprung up allowing people to download their favourite songs straight to their computer without having to pay a penny. Record companies have been unhappy with this and are seeking legal action at the moment, while many people are rejoicing at the concept of free music. What I'm trying to do in this assignment is consider all the views and arguments of both sides and write down my viewpoints on the matter. The downfall of the record industry?! Record companies and artists have been in legal battles recently with file sharing servers such as Napster over the past year or two. They feel that these file sharing servers are illegal and should be shut down, firstly because these are copies of their albums and singles which are being spread about all over the Internet, which is piracy therefore illegal. Secondly people downloading these files aren't paying for these songs, so they are not supporting the music business which is having to manufacture and spend millions on making these records. Thirdly they feel that the increasing number of people using these servers will result in the downfall of the music industry altogether. The record companies just want to make sure that they will have a future, the same with artists but by the looks of it even artists losing their recording contracts wont hurt their futures much as the trend of singers and musicians moving into other celebrity occupations is on the rise such as tv presenter and so on. The record business sees this as a major threat to them, even more than radio, which could be taped off but never had such an impact such as the Internet. They are trying their hardest legally to shut down the music file servers. I don't really believe why the record companies are taking it so far, I don't see them losing out so much anyway because it is a billion dollar business after all. Maybe they should just hope it fades away after a while which I think it will do. Money, Money, Money Many people disagree with the record companies when they say its ‘the downfall of the music industry' because they feel that

Lucian freud and the visual arts Essay

Lucian Freud was born in 1922, in Berlin Germany. He was a British Painter and a grandson to Sigmund Freud. He studied In London at the central school of art and also at Morris’s East Anglican school, where he studied painting and drawing. He later attended the University of London (Goldsmiths College), and later worked with Seaman in 1941, as a merchant. The painters room was first to feature in 1944, in his first exhibitions of painting. The essay is focusing on the authenticity of Lucian Freud in his work, and his reflections during the modernism and post modernism times. The paintings of Freud were associated with surrealism, and he worked on depicting people and animals in juxtapositions which were very unusual. He initially started the paintings using thin paints but as time went by, he began paintings of portraits in 1956, using thicker paints. He was using thicker impasto to produce nudes, on top everything else he did. His colors were then muted, and he started by cleaning his brush after every stroke, and his work was usually composed of portraits of sitters who were sprawled, sometimes on the floor naked, but he often juxtaposed that with other paintings. Some of the portrays he used included; a â€Å"naked man with a rat,† or even â€Å"a girl with a white dog. † His main subjects can be said to have been his family relatives, friends, his fellow painters, children, and even his lovers. He was quoted saying, â€Å"The subject matter is autobiographical, it is all to do with hope and memory and sensuality and involvement, really. † (Lucian F. 1989, P 18) Lucian was believed to have been a member of the â€Å"realism, expressionism, and surrealism movement,† where by the artists had a tendency of distorting the reality, and instead producing an emotional effect, and calling it a subjective form of art. Expressionism was exhibited in literature, painting, music, architecture, theater, and even in film. Painters of the time were then called expressionists, because of their twentieth century paintings. Freud painted a number of his fellow artists including, Francis Bacon, and went on to produce portraits of series which comprised of performances of artists Henrieta Moraes and Leigh Bowery. His interest on people was justified when he said that, â€Å"i paint people not because of what they are like, not exactly in spite of what they are like, but how they happen to be. † His paintings were characterized by elements of Surrealist and things favoring the realistic approach of portraits of nude. Freud was known to be among the famous artists of British CAEK, for he was working in a traditional style of representation. This led him to winning the turner Prize, back in the year 1989. (Reynolds J. 1971, p 69- 97) Freud was believed to be authentic in his work, because his prolific collection followed the daily life existence exploration. His paintings showed that observing ordinary events acutely can produce significant art, just as Edward Hopper used to do. In a different perspective he creates an uneasy atmosphere. The argument behind his work is that, he does it with an intention of making us aware of our fatness, our mortality, our sexuality, thinness, which are all elements of people’s nakedness. The ambition he had in his work can be attributed to his words that, â€Å"i would wish my art to appear factual, not literal. I remember everything I have done because it was done with difficulty. † His style of work portrays realism and realness. Looking at his picture of a â€Å"cramped, tired, alternately sagging and tense flesh and bones,† makes one sympathize with themselves as they figure out their own bodies, for they can sense their own physicality. Lucian therefore tries to penetrate the psychological depths in the way he depicts the nudes. He conveys personality in a great force by empowering the flesh. This makes his work grotesque and realistic, as opposed to Ingres’s works which are always perverse and stylish. The relevance in his paintings can be found at a closer look of things. (Michael W. 1989, P 323) His arbitrary way of displaying the nudes in poses which are odd reinforces their expressiveness. According to Freud, the body is physical and psychologically suggestive, and that is why he produces paintings of naked people, though by doing so does not mean revealing all its secrets. His focus was that, a painter must always defeat â€Å"the sitter’s power of censorship† through making her or him uncomfortable. The result then becomes expressive for there is an aggressive flow and libido between the painter and the sitter, which helps in revealing the â€Å"human† existence of both parties. The portraits of Freud always show the same thing, and his only obsession and feeling of all what human is. What the sitters imply and what he must reveal becomes the distinction of life and death, and also the conscious and unconscious. He does this by his alternations in his paintings, some with eyes opened and the next with eyes closed, and does arrange their bodies in different postures, some in edges to show danger and risk. For instance he produced a painting of his mother with her eyes open and alert, which contradicted her posture of her body which was static and rigid which portrayed that she was aware of some coming death, for she appears to be half dead. All Freud’s bodies show still lives and also show that it is possible to become authentic even when an anxiety seems to undermine their authentic nature. (Benjamin, Harry, Hannah, 1986, p 71) According to Freud, realism comes through a quasi-psychoanalytic purpose. His realism came as a result of identification, unconscious and conscious ways, and most importantly from his grandfather Sigmund Freud. Freud wants to represent trauma and the reality behind it, because it was something he had experienced personally, when he saw homes and families being burnt to death. Freud’s archive had become very useful in modern era, because it was a source of information to many, through the way information was collected, recovered and stored. It thus became a key reference to fields like anthropology, recent art, critical theory and also history. Testimonies of events like the Second World War gave rise to post-modernism and post-colonial eras, which evoked a reconsideration of the archive, which had become a subject on its own, rather than the usual transparent record. Some of the paintings of Freud included the following: (Lucian F. 1989, p 19) Girl with a white dog. 1951 John Minton, 1952 Large interior W11 (after Watteau) 1981 Reflection of self portrait. 1985. Modernism is the way of reforming the cultural movements, in architecture, art, music, literature, and even the applied arts. It was a period between 1884 and 1914, and covered happenings in political issues, artistic movements, as well as cultural movements rooted in the western way of life. It was a time when artists like Freud had to improve their arts, create or reshape their environment, laying their basis in scientific changes as well as in technology. It was an era which led to examination of every aspect of existence, with an aim of finding what was holding back progress in the society, and hence replaces it with what was believed to be new in order to arrive at the same end through an easier way. Modernism came as a result of the nineteenth century both in academic and historic traditions. They believed that the practices of the time were outdated and had to adopt the modern ways of life in such an industrialized world. Some people said this gave birth to post modernism, while according to others it was the same movement. There were several arguments that the values of the society and those of the individual were not different, rather the society was just being â€Å"antithetical† to any progress, hence it had to adopt new ways to make it move forward. (Danto A. 2000, P 65) The theories of Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach had a great influence on this wave. They argued that the mind had to have a basic fundamental structure starting from the 1880s. According to Freud it had a basic subjective experience, and was supposed to play with the instincts and basic drives coming the way and through which the world was supposed to be perceived. Ernst on the other hand developed the theory of positivism, which argued that the elements of nature were to be seen through mental shorthand and were not guaranteed. This brought about the difference between the past and the present, because the past allowed the reality to impress itself for it was dependent on an individual. Modernism defined various arts in various manners which were radical. The First World War brought about a lot of tension in the social order and the artistic movements due to the radical parties which had come by and strongly rejected the previous practice. A good example was the Russian movement in 1905. People were now moving beyond realism in art and literature as well as altering the tone in music, in the name of moving to modernism. (Reynolds J. 1971, p 101) A new phase of modernism came over between 1930 and 1945, which saw increasing urbanization and popular culture. People had to look at modernism as the source of the new ideas for development. Lucian and his fellow artists had to work in modernist’s style and on and on to the 21st century. He now adopted the color field painting and abstract way of expressing himself. Fields of art which had acquired continual change included: lyrical abstraction, geometric abstraction, process art, abstract illusion, pop art and music, post minimalism, minimalism, and color field painting. Modernists believed that rejecting tradition would lead to the discovery of the new ways of making art. Then came the wave of post modernism, which was a term used to show some contradiction to modernism’s art. It came with its aftermath and movements like, conceptual art, installation art, inter media, and multimedia. Artists had to adopt traits like, appropriation, simplification, collage, and bricolage in performing art. Artists had to produce contemporary art, though not all contemporary art was believed to be post modernism’s art. (Lucian F. 1987, P20) The idea of post modernism came after the disillusionment in the Second World War, but not all artists supported the post-modernism work or theories. Like other artists Freud had to adopt the traditional techniques of portraying their art. However it lacked the central hierarchy of expressing and organizing principles. The post modernism art had the following characteristics: it had contradiction, ambiguity, complexity, diversity and interconnectedness. Post modernism was closely related to post structuralism. Looking at Lucian’s work in post modernism, it had different effects. For instance; his image of late Leigh Bowery â€Å"perched on a table, his body extending, tapers, reaching up to a sky light, awkward in its pose, full frontal nudity,† is hard to tell what the painter was waging. Freud had adopted new ways in costumes, prosthetics, cosmetics and not nakedness. His art had decency in the artistic transgression but lacked decorum. Effect of paintings had to be derived from the perspective, scale, and the trackings of the Freud’s brush. (Michael W. , 1989, p 323) Lucian’s art was actually significant, because of his artistic nature of representing objects. He actually moved and progressed with the modern changes which took place since the First World War to the Second World War, and even in post modernism era. He was very creative in his art, and had a typical way of producing paintings of the people who were close to him in life. He succeeded well in distorting reality to produce some emotional effects. He enjoyed contradiction, which was typical in his art. He produced juxtaposed images, which drew a lot of attention. His art aimed at familiarity both psychologically and formally. His intimacy was good to cherish, as much as it destroyed and distracted objects. He succeeded in his art and always argued that paint could work as flesh. LIST OF REFERENCES. Benjamin Waiter, Harry Zohn, Hannah Arrendt, (1982) Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction; in Illuminations. New York: Schocken books. ISBN 0064301249 Danto, Arthur C. (2000) â€Å"The art world† Essay pub. ISBN 0520230027 Reynolds Joshua, (1971) seven discourses, 1778 menston, scolar press. ISBN 0854175466 Michael Woods: (1989) Art of the Western world, summit books. ISBN 0671670077 Lucian Freud, (1987) Quoted in Robert Hughes, Lucian Freud: paintings, New York: Thames and Hudson.

Journals reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journals reading - Essay Example Additionally, these guidelines are necessary for guiding the decision-making the process of the writer. Just like the writing process demands the writer to come up with everything before writing, artists also look for ideas and inspiration before beginning their artwork. They brainstorm and come up with various ideas they feel suitable to their topic or intention. Equally important, the artist also plans and structure before painting (Armstrong 24). The article uses direct speech quoted from various speakers. Use of direct speech is important in sentence construction since it makes the message look authentic and real to the reader and different audience. Furthermore, it also limits distortion of the message because it is quoted. According to the chapter Planning, the cool down is the reduction in intensity of writers’ frustration and temper. Various authors when faced with difficult writing tasks always develop frustration and anger that leads to random thinking. Through random thoughts, writers get the ideal and perfect opportunity to cool down and rationally think. As a result, they manage to solve the problems and eventually start writing. Moreover, free writing is the best and most useful writing strategy. According to Stafford, free writing is useful since it allows the writer to write various articles or material quickly (32). It also helps writers to enhance their speed, creativity, and memory. Equally, free writing provokes critical thinking since a writer is expected to write what he/she can recall. Moreover, it ensures construction of relevant and detailed work because writers are expected to proofread. Through proofreading, writers can remove irrelevant and unusual points or sentence from their work. They also correct grammar and spelling mistakes in their work. Besides, Speculation is to conceive or try to figure out an idea without knowing the exact meaning or purpose of it. Speculation of ideas is important to

Labor Relations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Relations - Term Paper Example A large number of western nations to some extent decriminalized strike actions in the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century. In some cases, strikes are utilized to compel administrations to alter laws. Intermittently, labor strikes subvert the directive of a specified ruler or political party. In such instances, labor strikes are presumed to be part of a larger social force. This paper will look at a historically significant labor strike and the issues involved in the strike. The textile industry had begun spreading to the south in the 1880s. By the year 1933, mills located in the south manufactured over 70% of woolen and cotton textiles in more novel mills. They drew this number from a group of displaced laborers and farmers eager to toil for less amounts than laborers and farmers on the north part (Irons 22). The labor strike was as a result of a number of factors. The textile sector was severely set apart and was only made up of workers from the white race as other areas of the economy. Prior to 1965, after the enactment of the Civil Rights Acts dealt with the issue of race in employment, not more than 2% of textile employees were from the African American race. The mills encountered an obstinate issue of overproduction. The management made workers to toil for longer periods, adding the number of supervisors to prevent employees from leaving work, talking, slowing down during work, and paying them by piece rate. There were events that engulfed issues relating to the strike. When the owners of the mills decreased the workers working hours without increasing the wage rates per hour, in 1934, the United Textile Workers threatened to call for a countrywide strike. The United Textile Workers necessitated for a distinctive meeting in New York to deal with the issues. The United Textile Workers listed a number of requirements for the textile industry, for example, removal of the stretch-out, a thirty hour week, restoration of fired employees, union recognition, and minimum earnings of between $13 and $30 weekly (Irons 46). In addition, the Great Depression worsened the situation. The economic turmoil forced several industries into bankruptcy. Moreover, those industries that endured the economic downfall enhanced the pace and amount of work and sacked employees. Support for the labor strike was largely divided in terms of race. People from the white race enhanced the employees’ antipathy while the large black society completely took part in the labor strike. For instance, in Gastonia, where law enforcers used violence to deal with the strike, approximately 5,000 individuals from the black race took part in the Labor Day procession (Irons 133). Nevertheless, the local administration failed to give any form of aid to the striking workers and there were less sympathetic unions and churches to give assistance. President Roosevelt formed a mediation board to address the issues. The board called for additional investigations i nto the impacts of the stretch-out and economic issues faced by the workers. The management refused to adopt the recommendations of the board. In addition, the owners of the textile industries declined to restore the striking workers all over the south. The result was a failure by a large number of workers returning to work in the industries (Irons 77). The strike had tremendous effects on the textile industry. The United Texti

MF Global Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MF Global - Research Paper Example The executives by the end of that month made it official that over 700 million USD had been transferred. They, however, could not pay back this capital with their revenue making it plummet into more debt. At the end of the liquidation period, customers of MF Global made losses that totalled over 1.6 billion dollars, and a majority have not received their funds till today. Difference between conducting fraud and financial audit Audits are done to ensure the smooth running of operations. They may be done after some time as per the organization’s request, as in the case of financial auditing. Furthermore, they may be arbitrary and without warning, as in the case of fraud auditing. There are different types of audits, carried out for different purposes. There are reasons that surround each of these audits. One main reason is the accuracy of financial information in the organization. This is one reason why financial audits are carried out, and they can be done by a qualified, indep endent party or government unit. Fraud auditing is often done to discover some of the hidden figures in the financial data of an organization (Hagan, 2012). This means that, outside parties may be brought in to conduct a fraud audit, but internal auditors of an organization may be responsible for financial auditing. ... If there is the confirmation of fraud, serious legal ramifications may result (Hagan, 2012). There must be a level of responsibility for the auditing firm in both cases. If there are any financial discrepancies in the financial departments or operations, it is up to them to disclose this information. This may lead to the saving of capital that would have otherwise been lost in data. Fraud auditing may need a little more time and effort to identify what information may be missing that is crucial in the financial docket. A code of ethics needs to guide all the parties involved to ensure their tasks are carried out accordingly. The obligation of corporate CEOs to shareholders and employees about the firm’s financial activity The growth of an organization means that the CEO may have a daunting task of keeping an eye on everything that goes on in the firm. They must delegate some of the duties to subordinates. This helps in ensuring that there is a chain of command that is followed before getting to the top. However, they may not have full control over what subordinates may do, so it is up to them to ensure all matters relating to the financial sectors of the firm are reported directly to them. The shareholders of the organization are the most crucial part of the firm. CEO’s should be the voice of the organization and any financial activity going on should be reported to the people involved (Hagan, 2012). The CEO needs to tell the shareholders of the people in charge of the activities, and what they need to do if they have any complaints or suggestions. As CEO, it is one’s job to understand what goes on in the firm in

Marxist Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Theory - Essay Example The developed world acquired its wealth through the use of cheap production material. In addition, labor costs were cheap. No efforts were made to cater for the needs of employees, forced labor and hard work by the slaves led to economic materialism and wealth enjoyed by most western states (Trainer, 2010). The capitalist determines the fate of the proletariat. Laws have been instituted to ensure that the proletariat works effectively in meeting the demands of the capitalist. Wages, working hours, and working conditions are determined by the capitalists. According to Marxists, the society is divided into primitive, slave, feudal and capitalist. In addition, there are the proletariat and bourgeoisie (capitalists). It is the capitalists who own and decide the destiny of other â€Å"sub-structure† of the society. The production resources are manipulated and controlled by the capitalists. The proletariat exists to work and acquire wealth for the capitalists. Dominant ideas from the elite (bourgeoisie) were used in achieving material wealth. Importantly, elements within the society such as education, law, and morality were determined by the economic situation of a given state Means of production include slave labor, technology, and machines. The means of production are used to produce goods and services for the capitalists. Without means of production, capitalists and modern states cannot achieve their economic objectives. Slavery was particularly used in the United States to acquire wealth and industrial development. Relations of production is defined as the social organization of production. In particular, it refers to individuals who own the productive forces and how they manipulate them to achieve their objectives. For example, the capitalists forced slaves to work for them. In the current society, human beings are forced to work for a certain

Plagiarism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plagiarism - Assignment Example The relevancy of the information presented tends to prove or disprove facts. In some cases, the officer conducting the data analysis may decide to produce work acquired by another colleague for a different investigation that is similar. This is illegal and the person in question will lose their job and face possible prosecution (Gaines & Miller, 2014). In a prosecution case, the prosecutor attempts to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt. In cases where the prosecutor is lazy, and attempts to present plagiarized information in front of a jury, the jury might not be convinced. This is because the prosecutor will not have facts or will contradict him/herself or maybe the judge/ jury may recognize the facts as those presented in a different case. The guilty person may end up walking free because of the prosecutor’s laziness (Gaines & Miller, 2014). When it comes to preparing witnesses for cross-examination, the defense attorney and the attorney ought to sure that the witnesses produce work based on their own knowledge and not something they heard (hearsay). The prosecutor and the attorney should also avoid coaching the witnesses as this may lead to perjury, which is an offense (Gaines & Miller, 2014). The perjury comes in when the witness lies after taking an oath. The lies might be factual though not based on the witnesses’ knowledge especially by giving information experienced or witnessed by another individual. If the court finds out that the lawyer and prosecutor were part of this, they may lose their license (Gaines & Miller,

Using ICT When Presenting a Research Project Essay

Using ICT When Presenting a Research Project - Essay Example With reference to ICT, its aim while presenting or preparing a research project is given below: ICT endures the capability to transcend time as well as space at anytime and anywhere. Its presence makes it probable to initiate asynchronous learning. Availability of the materials and relevant information becomes possible for 24 hours on a particular day and 7 days in a particular week. Advanced techniques of ICT for instance teleconferencing enables the instructions to be acknowledged concurrently to numerous learners who are disseminated geographically (Mehta & Kasnia, 2011) †¢ With the advent of ICT, it has become easier to have access to the required information related to a research project at any time. Hence, the dependence on the availability of books, materials and physical media such libraries has decreased (Kirkwood & Price, 2005) Application of the techniques used in ICT while researching a project helps in gathering the current and latest information from the online sources. With respect to global market scenario, the effective application of ICT helps in the sustainability within the competitive market scenario (Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2013) With the advent of emerging features incorporated with ICT, numerous ethical issues are rising within the modern day scenario.... With respect to global market scenario, the effective application of ICT helps in the sustainability within the competitive market scenario (Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2013) Ethical Considerations Related to the Use of ICT While Presenting a Research Project Along with Outlining Ways of Addressing Them With the advent of emerging features incorporated with ICT, numerous ethical issues are rising within the modern day scenario (Omogbadegun, 2010). ICT is a combination of the information and the communication facets, thus the combination of the two results in convergence, portability and personalisation. With respect to convergence, it reflects the multiple uses of ICT. Portability reflects mobility of the technical devices anywhere such as tablets and smartphones. Information created accordingly with respect to the preferences reflects the terminology personalisation (Tan, 2002). Ethical issues encompass privacy, property, accuracy and accessibility. ICT is pervasive a s it touches every aspect of an individual’s life (Salvi, 2011). Issues related with the use of advanced techniques are termed as technology manipulation. With the advent of modern technologies, there has been a considerable rise in ethical issues as well. Sound, video and photo manipulation has augmented significantly in the modern day scenario. Morphing is the term that is widely used for photo manipulation (Salvi, 2011). Source: (Slide Share, 2013) The above pictorial representation reflects an example of photo manipulation. In order to address such a critical ethical issue, effective measures and technologies must be implemented to reduce the ethical issues related to the ICT. Moreover, there should be a proper blockage with

How is the AIS (automatic identification system) effective in Kuwait Thesis

How is the AIS (automatic identification system) effective in Kuwait coast guard operation - Thesis Example These systems, particularly the AIS Class A, have provided a wide range of benefits such as effective vessel identification and the provision of accurate information to national security forces and the Vessel Traffic Management Systems, or VTMS. Moreover, the application of ship-to-ship AIS has become an increasingly valuable option for mariners to be used as an efficient instrument that will improve situational awareness (Norris 2006). Regulations to utilise AIS in all vessels fall under the international standards of improving the safety and security among maritime transporters through the provision of information regarding locations and vessel identities. Aside from national security, the AIS can also make its contribution to environmental protections and procedures that require the rescue of vessels vulnerable to threats or attacks (Norris 2006). 1.2 The Role of Kuwaiti Coast Guard Kuwait remains to be a small country that holds a strategic position, increasing its vulnerability. It is surrounded by Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia and is easily within a short distance of missile range from its three major neighbors (CS 2010). Due to Kuwait’s considerable wealth and large oil reserves as well as a lack of safe and secured routes for oil exports, it has become a target for the surrounding countries. Maritime boundaries with Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq have been an important concern for Kuwait, with the country encountering numerous maritime attacks over the years, particularly from Iran and Iraq (Knights 2005). Despite perceiving the hostility of Iraq and other neighboring countries, in 2008, the Kuwait’s naval forces signed the Khawr Abd Allah Protocols, or the KAA Protocols, which referred to a maritime bilateral military agreement for the coordinated use of the KAA waterway and acquire security and stability. Although Kuwait has established defense agreements with United Nations Security Council members and has utilised procurement programmes i n reinforcing these associations, the security of Kuwait has highly relied upon the US and has received from $3 million annually as financial assistance to combat terrorist attacks and meet other security objectives, with the Navy and its coast guards as part of such sanctions. This has allowed units to develop technologies through research and development programmes such as the detection and identification of incoming maritime irregularities (CS 2010). The Kuwaiti Navy includes an estimate of 2,700 personnel including 500 coast guards with its limited naval forces focusing on the protection of their coastline, support of customs, and implementation of missions against infiltration. The Kuwaiti Navy had been established immediately after Kuwait became fully independent from Britain (CSIS 2006). During the Persian Gulf War, the country’s military defenses were highly dependent on foreign contractors to provide their training, logistics, maintenance, and actual operations; cons equently, the readiness of the Navy and the rest of Kuwait’s defenses were at a poor level. At present, their equipment includes fast attack crafts, support ships, special operations patrol boats, interceptor crafts, diving support vessels, hydrographic support vessels and harbor tugs (CIA 2006). Tracking methods have also been emphasized to provide geographical information along

Religious Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religious Liberty - Essay Example Justice Antonin Scalia dissented in the given case stating that the Act’s stated purpose that is â€Å"protecting academic freedom† stood to be a legitimate secular purpose. In other sense, Justice Scalia believed that the considered academic freedom also included within its ambit the students’ right to be exposed to religious views and indoctrination. The majority opinion seems more to be in consonance with the Supreme Court interpretation of the Establishment Clause in a historical context. In the light of Engel v. Vitale (1962) decision, it could be said that the inclusion of such texts, dogmas, practices and theories in the school curricula that adhered to a specific religion amounted to a violation of the Establishment Clause. However, if one takes into consideration the ruling in Zorach v. Clauson (1952), it could be said that the Supreme Court could have modified its ruling by leaving the study of creationism in Public Schools as an optional choice, subject to the opinions and considerations of the specific students. The ruling in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) also supports the Edwards ruling, as inculcation of religious courses at state expenses amounted to an entanglement between the state and the religion. Besides, in a historical context, the United States Constitution has always been averse to Fundamentalist views supportiv e of religious literalism and contrary to a liberal scientific

Dra DB ROD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dra DB ROD - Assignment Example Tsakos’ presentation is methodological, interactive and effectively thought through. She presents her ideas systematically and proves the claims she makes. I therefore conquer with all the facts she presents and does not disagree with any of the facts she presented since she provided sufficient proof to them. Theater is indeed a catalyst for social change. Theaters assemble people of varying ages and cultural backgrounds for entertainment purposes. The messages that occur in the form of themes address social, economic and political issues. Through such messages, theaters influence public opinion thereby initiating social changes. Character and theme are two of the six Aristotelian elements. Character refers to the agents in the plot used to convey a message while a theme is the central reason for the play and the message in the same. The two are evident in Tsakos’ video. She uses a number of performers including herself in her attempt to prove that technology has enhanced the development of theaters. Her systematic use and portrayal of the six Aristotelian elements in her video coupled with her systematic relay of information makes her presentation a fine

Innovation Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Innovation - Literature review Example This paper is a literature review of innovation as an important driver of firm profitability and performance, and as a vital source of competitive advantage in any industry. The ability of a business to arrive at creative and insightful designs and methods by which it may meet consumer demands and expectations has always been an attribute that culls consumer loyalty to its products and services. The same is true with the construction industry, where different construction firms are held to public scrutiny by such standards as cost, speed and quality of project execution, but also increasingly by its track record for safety and environment sustainability, its consistency with contemporary concepts of fair and ethical leadership, and the aesthetics and beauty of its design and craftsmanship. In comparative studies among various commercial undertakings, the construction industry noticeably lags behind in terms of innovation, research and development. Industry participants cite the overr iding emphasis on cost minimization in an era of constantly rising materials prices, skilled manpower costs, and administrative expenses. Recent institutional initiatives have been taken to promote innovation in construction, such as the formation of integrated teams and innovative leadership, the most efficient use of information transfer and knowledge management, radical breakthroughs in materials research and construction methods and techniques, and the education of the public to develop a culture more receptive to innovation. The enhancement of an innovative culture in construction requires a broad-based and concerted collaboration among industry firms, associations, regulatory agencies, and other entities in the value chain. Key words: construction, innovation, branded innovation, agile innovation, transformational leadership, information and communication technology, integrated teams Introduction The concept of innovation is often associated with the manufacturing, technology, and retail industries because of the necessity of keeping up with the tastes and preferences of a fickle consumer market. Construction is seldom associate with such dynamic changes, however, because the considerable investment and long-term duration of its products are seen to be better served by strict compliance with building codes, safety standards, and conventional practices to allow much leeway for experimentation and creative revision (Patterson, 2011, p. 18). Innovation in the construction business is a relatively novel concept that has developed in the recent few decades, the scope and scale of which still remains largely undefined as may be observed from the academic studies which have dealt on it. The following survey of related literature will seek to shed light on the generally accepted meaning of innovation in construction, the new paradigms and models emerging from a rethinking of this concept, and the importance of innovation to the construction business. Innovation: definition and effects According to Lundvall (1992, p. 8) innovation is described as potentially new processes, products or strategies that â€Å"result in radical breaks with the past, making a substantial part of accumulated knowledge obsolete.† It has also been defined as consisting of â€Å"the generation of a new idea and its implementation into a new product, process, or service, leading to the dynamic growth of the national economy and the increase of employment, as well as to a creation of pure profit for the innovative business enterprise† (Urabe, Child & Kagono, 1988, p. 3) The classic view espoused by Milton Friedman places priority on the profits realized by a business. In return for financial gains, business contributes much to the improvement of society. According to Ahlstrom (2010), the reverse is actually true – the principal goal of business is the development of innovative goods and services, which in turn generate economic growth and employme nt. Innovation thus improves peoples’

LEED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEED - Essay Example LEED for new constructions addresses design and construction activities for new buildings and renovations; it helps lay a sustainable foundation for operation and maintenance practises after the completion of the building. In the existing buildings, LEED requires that they implement sustainable practises that will minimise negative impact on the environment. Such practises include water and power utilization, use of environment friendly materials for maintenance and adjustments, sustainable policies on buying and waste stream administration among others. LEED program for core and shell can be used where the developers have the control of the design and erection of the whole core and shell base structure but has no control of the internal tenant fittings. In commercial interiors, it mainly focuses on tenants who have leased some specific parts of the building to create working environment that is healthy, productive to work in and that does disturb the balance of environmental conditi ons thriving within the building. LEED for retail is concerned with the unique nature of the conditions needed for retail businesses; it uses the different needs for various retail businesses such as opening hours, parking needs, water and energy requirements among others. In view of this, LEED program provides two options for projects seeking certification; they include new construction and major renovation that addresses the details of construction or substantial renovations in retail buildings and commercial interior, which is concerned, with details about tenant space where the tenant is changing already existing fittings. In home construction, the LEED program is concerned with ensuring habitable conditions that provide maximum health benefits to the people living in the homes and at the same time making substantial savings on crucial resources such as fuel and water. LEED for Neighbourhood enlargement ensures that neighbourhoods, partial neighbourhoods or multiple neighbourhoo ds are constructed in a way that integrates ideologies of responsible expansion, urbanism and environment friendly construction into the initial nationalized scheme for neighbourhood plan. LEED for school was developed to address design and construction of K-12 schools; it is concerned with class acoustics, mould preclusion, major preparation and ecological site appraisal. Due to the specific needs of the health care environment, the LEED program for new construction would not be able to address all these needs therefore the need to have a program that was specifically designed for health care. This program is concerned with creating healthful, durable and affordable practises that are friendly to the environment and conducive for medical activities. The rating system consists of several credit categories that include the following: sustainable sites credit that encourage building strategies to minimise negative impact on the environment, water efficiency credits to encourage effici ency in water consumption, energy and atmosphere credits that encourage efficient energy performance (Cottrell, 2011). The credits also include material and resources credits that encourage use of sustainable building materials and indoor environmental air quality credits that promote better indoor air quality and access to light. The various credits have

TERRORIST USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS Research Paper

TERRORIST USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS - Research Paper Example Terrorist activities are least likely to take place in high altitude areas since in most cases; these are areas that are always heavily militarized. Nuclear weapons are known to be the most dangerous of all weapons manufactured and utilized for military purposes (O’Neil, 2003). Terrorists are known to be using various weapons ranging from chemical to biological in carrying out their activities. Though they have not been using nuclear weapons, there has been a major concern over the use of nuclear tactic by terrorists in carrying out their activities. This paper will examine the possibility of terrorists using nuclear weapons and measures that countries can initiate to deter this menace from happening. Currently, countries cannot afford to ignore the rise of a new type of terrorism operating cross different countries and boundaries. These terrorist activities have their main aim as inflicting mass casualties and destruction. This move was illustrated by bombing of America’s pentagon House that took place on 11th September, 2001. Many people died, others sustained serious injuries and properties worth billions of dollars were destroyed. This is a clear indication that terrorist attacks using extremely dangerous weapons will remain a realistic prospect now and even in the future (O’Neil, 2003). The prospect of terror groups acquiring nuclear weapons has haunted the world at large for quite a long time now. Nuclear weapons could be made to yield a magnitude and effect of many kilotons and those weapons can be made small enough to increase their portability. There are various ways through which terrorist organizations can acquire nuclear weapons. They are the most powerful of all weapons used by terrorists in terms of their destruction. How easy are nuclear weapons to acquire? This is one question that one should have in mind. Nuclear weapons are attractive to terrorists due to their effects of

Tthe difference between Chinese and British Consumer Behaviour on Essay

Tthe difference between Chinese and British Consumer Behaviour on coffee consumption - Essay Example The study also examines some of the beliefs, perceptions and causal effects that influence coffee consumption. Answering the ways in which coffee brands have affected the coffee consumption and the overall consumer behaviour will help identify the differences and similarities in consumer behaviour in coffee consumption in China and UK. This chapter discusses the techniques that are used to collect and analyse primary data that will assist in justifying the study conducted in secondary sources. Rationale of research approach The study is conducted by making use of both the primary and the secondary data. This research entails qualitative and quantitative data. The secondary data offers the qualitative data that helps to get more information concerning the coffee consumption and consumer behaviour in China and UK. The reason for choosing to research on literature review is due to the fact that there might be previous studies of the same subject that might help in the study. The seconda ry data will help to gather information that might be hard to gather from primary data. It is also very easy and cheap to use the secondary data as it is readily available and would help answer unanswered questions. Secondary data will offer information that explains the consumer behaviour and what affects it. ... Both the primary and secondary data will help to verify the research hypothesis. Description of the data collection instruments The secondary data that provides the qualitative information is retrieved from secondary sources search as books, research reports and journals. They can also be retrieved from wed portals and electronic journals. These sources provide data that helps to analyse information from the past. They contain literature that are reviewed and have summarized theories from a wide range of sources. The primary data is collected by the use of statistical survey. One of the statistical survey method used in this study is the Likert scale type of questionnaire. It is made up of open-ended type of questions. It is a scaling method of a five point scale that shows the level of agreement with the given statement. The respondents are given a simple task to choose one of the options that range from â€Å"strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree and strongly disagree† (Jackson, 2011). The questions which are more of statements are positively structured which means that if the respondents agree to all statements, it will prove that coffee culture has been fully adopted in both countries. Rationale for data collection instruments The Likert scale questionnaire was the best to collect primary data because it would be easy for the respondents to understand the questions and also to answer them. One of the advantages of the Likert scale type of questionnaire is that it is effective, very easy to construct and they are also reliable. They are also very efficient because they are not complicated thus no major errors when collecting the data and administering them is very easy. They help in studying the

Human Development Essay Example for Free

Human Development Essay In this paper we will discuss the life span perspective of human development. Then we will summarize three theories related to human growth and development and identify at least one influential theorist for each. Then we will identify aspects of the life span perspective. Finally we will explain how heredity and the environment influence human development. There are six lifespan perspectives on human development the life expectancy (measured at birth) of American men and women, differentiated by race. For the 2005, the latest data available, the life expectancy for men of all races is 75. 2 years and 80. 4 years for women. Life-long which is no age period dominated development. Multi-dimensional that development is about biological, cognitive, socioemotional and spiritual dimensions. Multidirectional is some aspects of development increase while other decrease. Plastic is depending on one life conditions and what development paths our body takes. Historically-embedded is development influenced by historical conditions. Multidisciplinary is psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientist and medical researchers all study human development and share different concerns. Contextual is the individual continually responds to and act on context. According to (Hernandez, 2008) â€Å"The lifespan perspective is about understanding that changes occur in every period of development and these changes must be looked at as a product of the culture and of the specific situation surrounding the change. † There are a lot of things that define lifespan but one perspective is life-long. Life is not dominated by one moment or period in your life. According to experts, the life span perspective of human development involves three key developmental domains (Hernandez, 2008). These are the physical domain, the cognitive domain, and the social domain. The physical domain deals with the physical changes that a person goes through. For example, height, shape changes, weight fluctuations, and puberty can all be described as changes that happen in the physical domain. Here are three theories: Freud’s psychosexual development theory, Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development and Havighurst’s developmental stage and tasks. * What influence me about Freud’s view is I believe there is some truth that in some way we all have sexual impulses repressed. But on the other hand I believe that Erikson view about we learn to be assertive and learn to be create is also true. Finally Havighurst of development tasks are based on personal independence stages. Lifespan perspective is contextual meaning the individual continually responds to and acts on contexts, which include a persons biological makeup, physical environment, and social, historical, and cultural contexts (Santrock, 1999). The heredity and the environment influence human development is how researchers tend to be interested in dimensions that determined by genetics. For example, Javier has two biological daughters who share the same biological mother. Both are tall, well mannered, and musically inclined. Despite these similarities, the older child appears socially reserved and quiet, while the younger one, who was born into the same family environment, seems more outgoing. In addition, one of his children has been diagnosed with a learning disability while the other seems exceptionally well-functioning cognitively. You must understand that nature versus nurture, heredity is in your genealogy their no way to change it accept your lifestyle choices-drinking-smoking and doing drugs will affect all organs muscles and brain functions leading down the path to cancer, heart attack, stroke, emphysema, hallucinations, depression, suicidal thoughts and so on, eat healthy exercise and get a genealogy test done of your immediately family to see what if any diseases carry over to your blood line. Grandparents-mother and father of both and siblings-slap stepmothers and stepchildren as well as aunts and uncles-with or without children. * In this paper we discussed the life span perspective of human development. Then we summarized three theories related to human growth and development and identify at least one influential theorist for each of them. Then we identify aspects of the life span perspective. Finally we explained how heredity and the environment influence human development. * * * * * * * * * * * * * Reference 1. Bowen, J. R. (2011). Infant Social Development. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com 2. http://social. jrank. org/pages/300/Heredity-Versus-Environment. html#ixzz1HJ4qvhaS 3. Santrock, (1999). The Lifespan perspective on Human Development. Retrieved from http://www. sasked. gov 4. Hernandez, (2008). Heredity Versus Environment-The Nature-nurture controversy exploring heredity and environment: Research methods, beyond heritability. Retrieved from http://social. jrank. org 5. : Life Expectancy at Birth by Race and Sex, 1930–2005 — Infoplease. com http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0005148. html#ixzz1HMEhhXPX *.

Harry Jay Knowles Essay Example for Free

Harry Jay Knowles Essay Harry Jay Knowles is not a celebrity, a director, or a producer, but despite that, he remains a leading authority in the entertainment business. Well, his face may not be recognized by the people, but with what he does for a living, he could either make or break an entertainment project. Harry Knowles can be considered as one of the most respected movie critics that the entertainment industry has today. Whatever he publishes, people will read. Anything he says, people will believe, well, most if not all of them will. However, with his status as an important movie critic, it can’t be helped that some people would also criticize him. But despite these criticisms, Knowles has nothing less in his mind than to deliver whatever information that he has when it comes to entertainment. He is very eager to share whatever he learns, very much like a child astonished with new discoveries. This can be reflected by the website that he runs, the Ain’t It Cool News (Knowles). Knowles was born and raised in the entertainment world. His family relied mainly on public entertainment for a living, something that Knowles cherished as he was growing up to the man that he is now. He was fond of reading comic books and illustrated readings, as well as watching bootlegged movies from his family’s collections (Poland). Perhaps as a child, Knowles already knew what he wanted when he grows up. He treasured his experiences during his childhood, using it as a building block for his future career. Looking at this point in his life, we can say that Knowles has a root in the entertainment industry. Even as a child, he was surrounded by things like old movies, comic books, magazines, all available for his consumption. At that point in time, even though Knowles would just be a young boy, his environment seemed to be pushing him towards the entertainment business. It was when he was bedridden because of an accident that brought him closer to the internet, to his future neighborhood. As Knowles discovers the wonders of information sharing, his appetite for new things in the entertainment world grew. He began writing reviews of movies and of events, until he became recognized by many because of his works. There are many controversies that people seem to stick to Knowles’ name. Some claim that he’s being paid to make good reviews of some movies, for publicity or just for the sake of attaching his name in the project (Davis). He is an authority in this field; so many people are actually looking to benefit from that. Regarding that, there is no certainty whether he indeed receives payment for doing reviews, but what is certain is that Knowles loves what he’s doing. He seems not to care about anything in this world as long as he’s able to deliver new information on whatever is worthy to talk about. He received various reactions from people, ranging from praises to lawsuits (Ryfle). He gladly accepted whatever came his way, whether positive or negative. From what I see, Harry Jay Knowles pursued a career as a movie critic not because of the fame or the other kicks that he gets from it. Instead it is more of a passion, a culmination of his life’s works. He likes sharing new things to people, whether it is just a gossip or a full-blown marketing strategy. Knowles is not doing these things in favor of other people; he is doing this to satisfy his wants. Knowles as a movie critic may or may not be paid for his work, but he makes sure to get the job done. Ain’t that cool? Works Cited: Davis, Erik. Caution Ahead: Harry Knowles Reviews Cloverfield'. 2008. February 2 2009. http://www. cinematical. com/2008/01/11/caution-ahead-harry-knowles-reviews-cloverfield/. Knowles, Harry. Aint It Cool News. 2009. February 3 2009. http://www. aintitcool. com/. Poland, David. Harry Knowles. 2000. February 2 2009. http://www. lukeford. net/profiles/profiles/harry_knowles. htm. Ryfle, Steve. Extra: The Trouble with Harry Knowles. 2000. February 3 2009. http://www. hollywood. com/news/EXTRA_The_Trouble_With_Harry_Knowles/311968.

Accounting for Individual Differences in the Workplace

Accounting for Individual Differences in the Workplace Introduction In today’s society, there is little doubt that individual differences are certainly important in the workplace as one of critical predictors of training outcome, individual productivity or stress at work. For the reason it affects us most in every way to name a few, we perceive and respond information, our abilities and skills such as logic, creativity and critics, etc., it is necessary for an organisation to understand, value and enjoy the benefits it would bring. This essay would write about the definition of individual differences to begin with; analysis individual differences in demographics, intelligence, and personality; some commonly mistaken assumption in measuring them and recommendation for improving it in selecting and managing people. The aim of the paper in the end is to provide some suggestions for managers to mitigate any false assumptions’ impacts in person differences’ assessment. What are individual differences? Studying individual differences is concerned with variations between one person to another, in other words, it is defined by Ashleigh and Mansi (2012:68) as â€Å"those parts of â€Å"us† which differentiate â€Å"us† from others†. Investigating individual differences is a continuing concern within organisations enables us to, in the view of predicting people’s behaviours, making team formation easier, in turn, managing the team more effectively while there is a common goal and value among team members. The facts remain that each individual is likely to have a regular pattern of behaviour towards similar situation. While there are other key differences between individuals, such as creativity, values, emotions, the scope of this essay will be focused on 3 key points in demographics, intelligence and personality and the way to measure them in a setting of organisational behaviour. Individual differences in demographics According to a definition provided by Ashleigh and Mansi (2012:80), it refers to â€Å"differences within a population group-such as race, age, income, disabilities, educational level, experience, marital status and gender†. For work psychologists, it is important to take those factors into consideration in order to know the group of people involved in research, and their impact on finding results if any in the way to design data application in reality. For example, in the research carried out by Tsui and O’Reilly (1989), some demographic factors, namely age, sex, race, education level, job tenure were used to investigate their impacts on the relationship of supervisors and subordinates. This study outlined that a negative relation between differences and work effectiveness had been reported, not mention to increased role ambiguity for subordinates. Hence, reducing dissimilarity from those factors mentioned above in job allocation and team formation is likely to improve work effectiveness. Moreover, criteria in demographics like age or experience can be employed as supporting factors in the generation-specific HR strategies. For example, young employees are looking for an attractive and supportive environment in which offers learning goal orientation, in exchange, they will display job commitment; while, this environment, on the balance of it, should retain a wealth of valuable knowledge and skills from the older ones (D’Amato and Herzfeldt, 2012). Thus, proper and suitable HR strategies should be given differently to each group. Additionally, while younger employees are, in a way, more creative, fast action, quick response to changes, especially with modern technology, risk-loving, but do lack of professional experiences coming with prices, as against with a bit conservative, slower in response to new changes, but a more professional way of working, rational decision-maker for the older ages. Therefore, it is undoubtedly true that when HR managers fit the job w ith a person or design training strategies for staff, demographic differences should be given a serious consideration to provide suitable programs. Individual differences in intelligence To explain the definition of â€Å"intelligence†, let just put it versus â€Å"ability†. While Wiseman (1967:290) declared that ability â€Å"is defined operationally by the performance of an individual in a specific situation†, for Cooper (1999:6), in general, â€Å"are any behaviours that can sensibly be evaluated† by either monitoring behaviour or asking others to give evaluation such as typing, reading a map, cooking, etc. On the other hand, as for intelligence Binet and Simon (1905) agreed that it has shown the ability to judge, understand and reason easily, while Vernon (1956) added â€Å"the more general qualities of thinking, level of concept developing, reasoning and grasping relations†. By comparison, the term ability has a broader meaning than that of intelligence which means â€Å"mental ability†. There is also a room opening for ongoing debate whether it is fixed or not, or nature-nurture debate. In the study of Dickens and Flynn (2006), increasing amount of nutrition, test familiarity, educational games, TV show complexity, etc. have been attributable to intelligence improvement. However, Lynn Vanhanen (2006) found that such IQ discrepancies found in across ethnicities, races, and nationalities are proposing â€Å"a difference in innate brain capacity†. Furthermore, Marks (2010) analysed the association between IQ and situational factor like literacy skills across time, nationality, and race.In addition, regarding to the nature-nurture debate, there are those who believed that only environmental factor is absolutely qualified enough to account for individual differences in intelligence Karmin (1977), however, nearly 20 years later, Mackintosh (1995) declared that heritability should be taken into consideration as well. In more details to what extent, Cooper (1999) ar gued that, with constant conditions, intelligence is influenced by genetic component to the extent of 50 60%. These results are consistent with other studies (Plomin et al. 2001; Neisser, 1996) and suggesting that genetic factor may account for more in IQ differences than environmental factors. Therefore, if we are fortunate enough to be born by clever parents and have appropriate educational training, it is possible that our IQ score can be shifted. That leads to another question, i.e How to measure intelligence?. In order to measure it, cognitive ability test which is a part of psychometric test has long been used to reflect individual’s intelligence quotient (IQ) (William Stern, 1912) is calculated as follows: a mental age divided by chronological age, and then multiplied it by 100. One of the most popular and widely used tests of intelligence is Wechsler Scales of Intelligence first introduced by David Wechsler in 1955. A great deal of research and literature has been taken place in the relationship of intelligence and work performance. This combination of findings provides some support for the conceptual premise that general intelligence is certainly a good predictor in assessment of job performance and training proficiency (Sakett et all., 2008; Furnham, 2005; Drasgow, 2003). Nevertheless, it is undoubtedly true while other conditions should stay the same, otherwise, this criteria is absolutely not the only variable that influences performance, but job knowledge and motivation, do also rate a mention here (Kamin, 1995). One of the advantages associated with psychometric test is that it provides a comparison ability in scores which based on the same standard within a group of people. Secondly, this kind of test offers a prediction of performance in a various settings. For example, to assess one’s ability in the recruitment process, situational judgement tests would be given, e.g asking reaction of salesman towards customer’s complaint. Particularly, in the context of the organisation, a great number of organisations have found these tests are effective enough, both in the sense of cost and means for employee selection in recruitment and after-training seasion. On the other hand, there exists some special skills which can not be assessed quickly and accurately through psychometric tests, such as hand and eye coordination (Cooper, 1999). In fact, some previous study found that about half to two-thirds of large companies apply psychometric testing in senior managers’ assessment in Europe (Cook, 2004; Furnham, 2004; Salgado, 1997), and 72% of UK organisations employed ability tests in selecting and assessing process (CIPD, 2007). Individual differences in personality There is a degree of lacking consensus around the terminology of personality. For Furnham (1997:161), the term refers to â€Å"enduring traits or characteristics that account for consistent patterns of responses†, later on, Pervin added (2004:6) more details in the sense of feeling, thinking and behaving. Although there have been some other ways to elaborate its definition, they all shared the common feature is that making every human beings unique in their interaction with the environment. The key theories of personality can be listed as follows: psychodynamic, behaviourist, humanistic, biological, trait and type and social-cognitive. However, due to limited scope, this essay will focus on behaviourist (Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner, 1849-1990) and trait and type (Allport, Cattell and Eysenck, 1916-1998). Regarding behaviourist theory, they put emphasis on psychological investigation in observable, measurable behaviour regarded as the merely appropriate method. They stated that through reinforcement either punishment or reward, all behaviours can be modified. The environment can, however, initiate our initial response; but on the account of reinforcement experiences, our behaviours are possibly shaped, thus creating learnt associations which, in turn, direct our future behaviours provided in the same settings. As for the type and trait theory, their approach’s similarity lies in the fact that both of them consider grouping people into personality characteristics. While the type theory places people into discrete groups, as against with seeing personality feature as a continuum for trait theory. For example, a person would be considered either introvert or extrovert in a view of the type theory. By contrast, the trait theory (Allport, Cattell and Eysenck) would find anyone can be anywhere in the between of introvert and extrovert included those towards the extremes (Matthewman, et all., 2009) and that amount and type of trait would be constant. Later on, Costa and McGrae (1992) discovered the essence of traits had been found in 5 factors which were developed into â€Å"Ocean theory† mentioning about 5 traits, namely Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. It is regarded as a widely acknowledged template in explaining the human personality†™s structure (Arnold, 2010). Although Ashleign and Mansi (2012) agreed that â€Å"trait theory is considered the most useful of personality theories for organisational psychologists† so far for its pattern of behaviour detection and classification, its limitations can not be overlooked. In particular, this approach not only offers frameworks in major pattern of behaviours, in which personality assessment can be constructed and employed (Bayne, 1994). However, the fact remains that human behaviours are affected by lots of situational factors (Bandura, 1999), thus individuals are highly unlikely to behave in the same way all the time (Armstrong, 2003). That is the reason why this approach will probably have a limited prediction in value to typical behaviours (Pervin, 1994). Moreover, it fails to explain how these 5 factors develop and the way of their influence on human behaviours which is the centre of work psychology’s interest. Therefore, Makin (1996) claimed that their level of anticipation is no t quite high. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether reading Big Five traits may make people jump into conclusion too quickly that Neuroticism is something least favourable among all. The answer is it should be dependent on the situation and job’s characteristics. There are actually some jobs requiring a high N scale. For example, Spencer Lord, a HR specialist, says highly neurotic people are often strong in roles that require attention to detail, e.g positions in finance or compliance. Due to their natural caution for avoiding worry about consequences, they can also be very effective in assessing risk (2013). By contrast, being too extroverted may be associated with try to be dominant, attention seeking which are possibly not a good thing in teamwork. In addition, Robertson (2001) claimed that the strongest predictor of job performance is Conscientiousness. However, it failed to consider in a situation demanding being creative and innovate which high C scale usually lacks of. Futhermore, not mention of the fact that, especially in such a rapidly changing world, being adaptive and flexible is certainly necessary (Maltby, et all., 2013:414). Personal characteristics’ measurement probably remains significantly important in the occupational assessment process in organisations. In fact, there have been some popular ways, such as personality questionnaires which is another part of psychometric tests, interviewing and behavioural observation. Firstly, a personality questionnaire contains a lot of standardised statements which need to be responded by candidates. Those statements are filtered from a large database to the target group based on essential characteristics that an organisation needs to know (Matthewman at all., 2009). Their scores would be compared with that of specific group which is â€Å"norms† tables. Therefore, this kind of measurement is also called as â€Å"normative personality measurement†. For example, 16PF5 was developed from the Cattell model of personality, as for NEO-5 was based on the OCEAN model (Costa and McCrae, 1985), or the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is also a commonly used one. The fact remains that 56% of UK companies using personality tests at some point of their assessment procedure (CIPD, 2007). On the other hand, despite the great benefits that it offers if being applied in the right way, personality tests can not be trusted as the only source of assessment in people selection. Firstly, candidates may give fake answers in the way they think that would score them up in employers’ eyes. However, this problem can be mitigated by three ways, namely through direction as â€Å"be honest, no right and wrong answer†, social desirability (Crowne and Marlowe, 1964) and answers whose choices are forced. Secondly, the interview has long regarded as the most commonly used forms of people selection (Keenan, 1995). Although it was brought into criticism for being subject to bias and unreliability, some recent researches show that a structured interview with well trained interviewers is highly likely to improve its validity (Dipboye, 2005; Posthuma et al., 2002). Therefore, it is essential to ensure that those questions in the interview should be a job analysis related and consistent. Moreover, as for the interviewer, he should keep set of assessing criteria constant among interviewees in general, and in their responses in particular (Arnord et al., 2010), e.g: rating each answer with multiple rating scale, taking special notes, asking multiple interviewers if possible. Conclusion â€Å"In most situations it is best to use a combination of several personnel selection techniques to ensure fairness and accuracy†.

The relationship between social and health problems

The relationship between social and health problems Abstract: The term Social Problems is a misnomer and is an admission of the fact that the actual nature and constitution of the situation has not been deliberated at depth. When senior people see that the rules and behavioural patterns they have held so dear are getting challenged they term it as creation of problems. Criticising the social order that is emerging is the easiest way to admit defeat. The brave and sensible way is to accept the challenges and find ways and means of retaining the value system – may be with certain modifications – that has been followed for generations. In this way the young generation can adjust to the social changes and yet remain healthy and flourish in life. Introduction: The present day health issues are very closely related to the current social set up and coming into existence of a new set of social norms and values. While most of the social norms and values are traceable to and intimately related to the economic factors yet there is a trend of getting carried away by foreign cultures and their different social bearings. The pressure on the present day youth for being economically successful is very high and this gives a peculiar dimension to these ‘youngsters’ way of life which is enormously different to the type of pressures felt by the previous generations. While on one hand parents expect their children to become successful – which is a decent way of saying that they earn pots and pots of money – on the other the boys and girls are expected to follow the same set of social rules which has been followed by the ‘elders’ for generations. Thus the social problems have many causes but one significant reason is the inability of the older generations to accept and adjust to the changes in the society which is inevitable. The main problem that surfaced is that previous generation weighed the social structure of today by the norms and values that were taught to them quite a few decades back. The ground reality has changed rapidly and the senior generations are still getting guided by the rules of the game of yesteryears. The world is changing faster than it ever did before and the changes are not only very wide and rapid but are also very deep penetrating. Thus the changes are in effect causing social ‘evils’ as seen by the previous outlook but in reality the developments of the world is going on for centuries and what is being called as social problems is a manifestation of the inability to change and adjust to the new life order. Discussion: As stated in the introduction above, it is evident that there is need to face the societal changes that are coming up every day. In order to examine the situation in depth, three generation of society were interviewed to get to the bottom of the problem. The first were the generation of grandparents – who learned their ways of life some fifty to sixty years back. The next set consisted of parents i.e. father and mother group of today’s youngsters and they learned what they believe to be correct social norms some twenty-five to thirty year back. The final subset consisted of growing boys and girls of today and consisted of college and university students. These are the people who are bearing the brunt of the social problems which in turn is having a serious effect on their health. The first set of people consisting of grandparents carried fixed and set ideas about what the societal norms and beliefs are supposed to be. They saw no reason for changing those norms and beliefs. The behavioral norms were very strictly defined and centered around simple living and high thinking with very little emphasis and importance – if any at all – being paid to the economic progress and well being. They had lived their life in a very definite way and firmly believed that what was good for them is also god for their grandchildren today. Above all, their firm belief that ‘one size fits all’ concept as far as social behavior is concerned was much too firm for accommodating any updating necessitated by the present day life style. This brought about the severe view of the present day social interactions and the resultant problems. They knew that they had lived their life and were in no mood to accommodate or even tolerate the changing pattern of social values and norms. The best thing is that – in fact it should be called the worst thing – is that his set of people failed to see the few very good aspects of the changing patterns of social behavior. They invariably were quick to point out the drawbacks without for a moment acknowledging the good and beneficial aspects of the emerging new social order. The second set of people who were interviewed represented the parents. This group had its own problems. They fully appreciated the beneficial aspects of the change but were hesitant to admit the same since it clashed with what they were taught as the ideal way of social behavior. They too saw the problems of the present social setups and behavioral patterns but at the same time knew that there is no stopping of the changes coming about. Further they saw the new order did bring new problems but at the same time it encouraged the democratic institutions so very necessary for the well being of the future generations. They wanted to break away from the traditional social order and get into the flow of development of the new order. However, they had reached an age where they were unable to be adventurous and were cautious about accepting the changes. This gave rise to a very unbalanced state since while in their heart of hearts they knew that what was seen as social problems were more of aberrations of their viewing the outcomes than causing difficulties for the new generations. Yes, they wanted their children to bag high-pay job offers but at the same time wanted their children to stick to the ‘five prayers a day’ schedule despite the demands of their job conditions. This kind of situation is prevalent not only in the Middle East but such situation also exists in most of the emerging economies like Brazil, India, China, Pakistan etc. This group, like the previous group of grandparents, also quickly saw the social problems – but with a difference. This group simultaneously tried to find a solution which would accommodate the social change and at the same time keep a balance with the past so that the health (both mental as well as physical) hazards were contained. This is a very healthy indicator of the changes in social order being slowly accepted and though it is a slow process but it is a sure process. The present social norms have taken centuries to develop; it is very likely that the new social order will take some time to settle down. The last group consisted of the people of the below twenty-five age group. The first priority for this group was a better and more comfortable way of life. They valued democracy in all walks of life. They carried no negative feelings for the age old systems and gave full credit to the social order which has seen their predecessors to reach the current state. Yet when any of the social behavioral patterns got into the way of their achieving the goal they so cherished they did not hesitate to set aside the existing social norms. They were ready to burn the midnight lamp if that meant getting higher grades which would translate into their landing better jobs. Yes this was a potential health hazard but it also promised attainment of their dream goals. These groups wanted to make it big and for achieving this they were ready to take on with a ‘no-holds-barred’ situation. Good health is basic pre- requisite of good life. Without having good heath one will lose the very capacity for any human pursuit – from the grossest to the subtlest. He will not be able to enjoy the fruits of his toil. Health does not mean absence of diseases but it implies the possession and cultivation of a physically fit, morally strong and mentally alert individual who is able to meet the physical demands of life pursuits with full vigour and enthusiasm. The present day society seeks comforts, conveniences and freedom from drudgeries and wants to avoid working on monotonous, back-breaking and tedious chores from dawn to dusk – except out of compulsion. They prefer freedom from all hindrances and choose democratic way of life. Democracy for them is not just a merely form of government but it is a foundational societal value and hence they prefer a democratic society. In such a preferred democratic society values of freedom, equality, respect for the individual, collective decision making and the right to dissent should be inbuilt into the social arrangements and transactions. The young people with a democratic bent of mind respected the rights and freedoms of other people. They treated people at the level of equality and were tolerant of the views and opinions which were different from their own. When they were invested with authority they would use it with care and that too for the common benefit of people. Instead of imposing their views on others they would look for a consensus solution for making any collective decision. While the first group (grandparents) stood out by their intolerant attitude, this group of young citizens were endowed with refined, liberal and humanistic values. Though the members of the first group found the young people as creators of all trouble and labelled them as ‘rebels’ the younger generation were accepting their new found status of that of a rebel with alarming ease and comfort. They knew that if they stuck to the ways of the senior citizens then the possibilities of their realising their dreams of making it big would never materialise. There is ample historical evidence which go to prove that change – be it social, economic, technological or even environment – are all here to stay. Either one makes himself capable to adjust to the change or the process of change will eliminate them for good. Now, SOCIETY is an organisation for cooperative working to ensure human development, through production and distribution of sharable social goods. Society is made up of various constituents like individuals, different classes and groups, social, economic institutions and many more. In UAE and other Middle East countries the individual goals and the collective goals are often in conflict with each other. Yet the main objective of any developing and healthy society is to ensure human development which is not restricted to social, political, economic issues but also the development of the members on a total basis which would include health, formality and above all the value system of life. As stated earlier, one of the major aim of any society is to ensure production and distribution of sharable social goods like roads, transportation, water, electricity, health care and a host of other facilities. Opportunities and means of gainful employment, jobs, career and other rightful and legitimate means of seeking personal economic betterment are also to be treated as part of sharable social goods. Thus, the social changes taking place in every country and in every society aim at providing better opportunities and means of gainful employment and suitable jobs to the members of the society. There is no harm if the young people of today seek better standards of living and are prepared to dissociate themselves from the social norms which prevent their advancement in life. Conclusion: To sum up the entire picture it is necessary to understand that the so called Social problems are the result of the failure to appreciate the wisdom behind each and every change that is taking place in the world around. Older people who have lived their lives may conveniently call such changes as resulting in problems causing health hazards but such changes are for ‘GREATER GOOD’ and hence should be accepted if not welcomed. The budding Engineer or Manager or Professor faces an uphill task and shying away from sharing the gains available today is certainly not wise. Though the severe challenges may prove to be a health hazard in the short run but over time people will learn to cope with it and emerge the winner. Thus finding faults with the social problems is the weak person’s way of handling the changes taking place in the milieu. A strong and healthy individual will take the bull by its horns and will certainly succeed in controlling the social changes to his advantage.